Koozali.org: home of the SME Server
Other Languages => Italiano => Topic started by: FrancescoC on December 19, 2012, 11:58:43 AM
-
Qualche giorno fa mi sono accorto che il disco sda del mio SME 7.5.1 in raid 1 era stato rimosso dal raid e perciò l'ho riagganciato e lui si è risincronizzato. Ma continuo ad avere questo log :
Dec 19 10:00:48 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sda, 3 Offline uncorrectable sectors
Dec 19 10:00:48 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Prefailure Attribute: 7 Seek_Error_Rate changed from 200 to 100
Dec 19 10:00:48 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sdb, SMART Prefailure Attribute: 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate changed from 76 to 77
Dec 19 10:00:48 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sdb, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 50 to 49
Dec 19 10:03:32 server2010 sshd(pam_unix)[6646]: session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Dec 19 10:03:42 server2010 su(pam_unix)[6684]: session opened for user admin by root(uid=0)
Dec 19 10:03:51 server2010 su(pam_unix)[6684]: session closed for user admin
Dec 19 10:19:51 server2010 sshd(pam_unix)[6646]: session closed for user root
Dec 19 10:20:05 server2010 HORDE[5662]: [imp] Login success for admin [192.168.1.54] to {localhost:143 [imap/notls]} [pid 5662 on line 307 of "/home/httpd/html/horde/imp/lib/Session.php"]
Dec 19 10:20:06 server2010 slapd[4586]: conn=1 fd=7 ACCEPT from IP=127.0.0.1:32895 (IP=0.0.0.0:389)
Dec 19 10:20:06 server2010 slapd[4586]: conn=1 op=0 BIND dn="" method=128
Dec 19 10:20:06 server2010 slapd[4586]: conn=1 op=0 RESULT tag=97 err=0 text=
Dec 19 10:20:06 server2010 slapd[4586]: conn=1 op=1 UNBIND
Dec 19 10:20:06 server2010 slapd[4586]: conn=1 fd=7 closed
Dec 19 10:20:16 server2010 HORDE[5659]: [imp] Logout for admin [192.168.1.54] to {localhost:143 [imap/notls]} [pid 5659 on line 67 of "/home/httpd/html/horde/imp/login.php"]
Dec 19 10:22:38 server2010 smbd[7372]: [2012/12/19 10:22:38, 0] smbd/nttrans.c:call_nt_transact_ioctl(2466)
Dec 19 10:22:38 server2010 smbd[7372]: call_nt_transact_ioctl(0x901af): Currently not implemented.
Dec 19 10:30:48 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sda, 3 Offline uncorrectable sectors
Dec 19 10:30:48 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sdb, SMART Prefailure Attribute: 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate changed from 77 to 78
Dec 19 10:30:48 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sdb, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 49 to 48
Dec 19 11:00:47 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sda, 3 Offline uncorrectable sectors
Dec 19 11:18:32 server2010 smbd[9290]: [2012/12/19 11:18:32, 0] smbd/nttrans.c:call_nt_transact_ioctl(2466)
Dec 19 11:18:32 server2010 smbd[9290]: call_nt_transact_ioctl(0x901af): Currently not implemented.
Dec 19 11:27:30 server2010 sshd(pam_unix)[9599]: session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Dec 19 11:30:47 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sda, 3 Offline uncorrectable sectors
Dec 19 11:30:47 server2010 smartd[4334]: Device: /dev/sdb, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 48 to 47
Dec 19 11:34:33 server2010 smbd[7372]: [2012/12/19 11:34:33, 0] lib/util_sock.c:read_data(540)
Dec 19 11:34:33 server2010 smbd[7372]: read_data: read failure for 4 bytes to client 192.168.1.24. Error = Connection timed out
Dec 19 11:38:02 server2010 sshd(pam_unix)[9599]: session closed for user root
E' il caso che sostituisco un disco ? Quale ?
-
si
sda
:-)
-
Aggiungo che analizzando i dischi con il cd di diagnostica dell'Hp , perchè si tratta di un Proliant ml 110 g6 , mi dice che tutto è a posto. Chi ha ragione ?
-
i tuoi dati comandano...
/dev/sda, 3 Offline uncorrectable sectors
se ti si corrompono i dati, la corruzione verrà passata (non in termini di danno fisico al disco ovviamente) anche sul disco sano..
il costo di un disco certamente non vale i miei dati.. i tuoi?
-
Hai perfettamente ragione !!!!
Ma sono un po' di coccio .... :? Quindi è normale che sda lanciando un smartctl -a /dev/sda
Mi restituisce :
smartctl version 5.33 [i686-redhat-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-4 Bruce Allen
Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: GB0250EAFYK
Serial Number: WCAT1E859111
Firmware Version: HPG2
User Capacity: 250,059,350,016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 7
ATA Standard is: ATA/ATAPI-7 T13 1532D revision 4a
Local Time is: Wed Dec 19 12:16:45 2012 CET
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x84) Offline data collection activity
was suspended by an interrupting command from host.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: (4680) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 58) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 5) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 11714
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 201 200 021 Pre-fail Always - 950
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 46
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 070 070 000 Old_age Always - 21972
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0033 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0033 100 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 45
184 Unknown_Attribute 0x0033 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
187 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 001 000 Old_age Always - 11774
188 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 093 000 Old_age Always - 11
190 Unknown_Attribute 0x0022 067 057 045 Old_age Always - 33
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 44
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 1
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 110 100 000 Old_age Always - 33
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 3
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 3
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 21969 -
# 2 Short offline Aborted by host 90% 21969 -
# 3 Short offline Completed without error 00% 21968 -
# 4 Short offline Completed: read failure 10% 21954 432321839
# 5 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 4405 432321839
# 6 Short offline Completed: read failure 90% 4405 432321839
# 7 Short offline Aborted by host 90% 4405 -
# 8 Short offline Completed without error 00% 3 -
# 9 Short offline Aborted by host 90% 3 -
#10 Short offline Completed without error 00% 1 -
#11 Short offline Aborted by host 90% 1 -
#12 Short offline Aborted by host 90% 1 -
#13 Short offline Aborted by host 90% 0 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
-
Mentre sdb :
smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl version 5.33 [i686-redhat-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-4 Bruce Allen
Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: GB0250EAFJF
Serial Number: 9SF0ZRSF
Firmware Version: HPG6
User Capacity: 250,059,350,016 bytes
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: 7
ATA Standard is: ATA/ATAPI-7 T13 1532D revision 4a
Local Time is: Wed Dec 19 12:20:10 2012 CET
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x82) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 642) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 60) minutes.
Conveyance self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 3) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 10
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 078 063 044 Pre-fail Always - 79117300
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 099 099 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 81
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 097 097 036 Pre-fail Always - 76
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 078 060 030 Pre-fail Always - 30629038161
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 068 068 000 Old_age Always - 28674
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 097 Pre-fail Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 037 020 Old_age Always - 79
184 Unknown_Attribute 0x0033 100 100 003 Pre-fail Always - 0
187 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 001 001 000 Old_age Always - 612
188 Unknown_Attribute 0x0032 100 099 000 Old_age Always - 1
189 Unknown_Attribute 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Unknown_Attribute 0x0022 071 060 045 Old_age Always - 488308765
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 029 040 000 Old_age Always - 29 (Lifetime Min/Max 0/16)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 046 031 000 Old_age Always - 79117300
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0033 097 097 036 Pre-fail Always - 76
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0010 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
SMART Error Log Version: 1
ATA Error Count: 1097 (device log contains only the most recent five errors)
CR = Command Register [HEX]
FR = Features Register [HEX]
SC = Sector Count Register [HEX]
SN = Sector Number Register [HEX]
CL = Cylinder Low Register [HEX]
CH = Cylinder High Register [HEX]
DH = Device/Head Register [HEX]
DC = Device Command Register [HEX]
ER = Error register [HEX]
ST = Status register [HEX]
Powered_Up_Time is measured from power on, and printed as
DDd+hh:mm:SS.sss where DD=days, hh=hours, mm=minutes,
SS=sec, and sss=millisec. It "wraps" after 49.710 days.
Error 1097 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 28671 hours (1194 days + 15 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 ff ff ff 0f
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 08 ff ff ff 4f 00 49d+12:41:45.240 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 05 54 18 42 00 49d+12:41:45.212 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 35 13 18 42 00 49d+12:41:45.210 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 7d 10 18 42 00 49d+12:41:45.209 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 9d 06 17 42 00 49d+12:41:45.209 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
Error 1096 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 28637 hours (1193 days + 5 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 e5 b7 17 0b
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
61 00 48 ad ae 03 40 00 48d+02:25:22.424 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 08 dd b8 17 4b 00 48d+02:25:22.355 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 f8 e5 b7 17 4b 00 48d+02:25:22.355 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 fd b1 2d 42 00 48d+02:25:22.354 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 a5 b1 2d 42 00 48d+02:25:22.354 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
Error 1095 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 28612 hours (1192 days + 4 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 4d f1 2f 0e
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 00 3d f2 2f 4e 00 47d+01:42:08.221 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 f0 4d f1 2f 4e 00 47d+01:42:08.211 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 00 85 e4 2d 4e 00 47d+01:42:08.003 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 00 85 e3 2d 4e 00 47d+01:42:07.988 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 00 85 e2 2d 4e 00 47d+01:42:07.976 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
Error 1094 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 28590 hours (1191 days + 6 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 ff ff ff 0f
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 c8 ff ff ff 4f 00 46d+04:03:43.806 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 c8 ff ff ff 4f 00 46d+04:03:43.797 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 bd 9e 03 40 00 46d+04:03:43.779 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 40 7d 9e 03 40 00 46d+04:03:43.765 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 c8 ff ff ff 4f 00 46d+04:03:43.762 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
Error 1093 occurred at disk power-on lifetime: 28589 hours (1191 days + 5 hours)
When the command that caused the error occurred, the device was active or idle.
After command completion occurred, registers were:
ER ST SC SN CL CH DH
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
40 51 00 ff ff ff 0f
Commands leading to the command that caused the error were:
CR FR SC SN CL CH DH DC Powered_Up_Time Command/Feature_Name
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---------------- --------------------
60 00 08 ff ff ff 4f 00 46d+03:05:43.821 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 ff ff ff 4f 00 46d+03:05:43.819 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
60 00 08 1d 3e 2d 42 00 46d+03:05:43.805 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 08 f5 0d 04 40 00 46d+03:05:43.790 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
61 00 90 65 0d 04 40 00 46d+03:05:43.778 [RESERVED FOR SERIAL ATA]
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Short offline Completed without error 00% 28673 -
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 28671 -
# 3 Short offline Aborted by host 90% 28671 -
# 4 Short offline Completed without error 00% 28671 -
# 5 Short captive Completed without error 00% 11056 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
-
io vedo che sda ha degli errori "read failure"..
sono 2 hd da 250 Gb, quindi hanno un po' di tempo, quasi certamente sono fuori garanzia..
2 serial ata di dimensione maggiore (occhio a non prendere quelli green) e li sostituisci entrambi.. un paio di centinaia di euro (ma anche meno) e vivi felice..
non male, direi
-
Ok grazie mille !!!
Inizierò a sostituire sda per primo.
-
@Stefano
Come mai i green no?
-
perchè i green hanno delle features che non sono adatte ad un uso continuato h24 in un server ed in raid..
google (sempre da quella parte ---> ) saprà illuminarti :-)
-
Rieccomi 8) per dirvi che ho cambiato sda e poi ho risincronizzato il raid . Poi ho ricevuto questa mail :
SMART error (ErrorCount) detected on host: server2010
This email was generated by the smartd daemon running on:
host name: server2010
DNS domain: test.local
NIS domain: (none)
The following warning/error was logged by the smartd daemon:
Device: /dev/sdb, ATA error count increased from 1097 to 1098
For details see host's SYSLOG (default: /var/log/messages).
You can also use the smartctl utility for further investigation.
Another email message will be sent in 1 days if the problem persists
e quindi ho cambiato anche sdb e poi ho risincronizzato il raid.
Ma ancora sui log ho questo :
Dec 21 01:25:03 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Prefailure Attribute: 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate changed from 119 to 100
Dec 21 01:25:03 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 58 to 63
Dec 21 01:25:03 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sdb, SMART Prefailure Attribute: 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate changed from 117 to 118
Dec 21 01:25:03 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sdb, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 60 to 61
Dec 21 01:30:04 server2010 squid[4793]: storeDirWriteCleanLogs: Starting...
Dec 21 01:30:04 server2010 squid[4793]: Finished. Wrote 37 entries.
Dec 21 01:30:04 server2010 squid[4793]: Took 0.0 seconds (4569.0 entries/sec).
Dec 21 01:30:04 server2010 squid[4793]: logfileRotate: /var/log/squid/store.log
Dec 21 01:30:04 server2010 squid[4793]: logfileRotate: /var/log/squid/access.log
Dec 21 01:55:04 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 63 to 61
Dec 21 02:25:04 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Prefailure Attribute: 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate changed from 100 to 101
Dec 21 02:25:04 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 61 to 62
Dec 21 03:25:04 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 62 to 61
Dec 21 04:25:03 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Prefailure Attribute: 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate changed from 101 to 102
Dec 21 04:55:04 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 61 to 60
Dec 21 07:55:04 server2010 smartd[4267]: Device: /dev/sda, SMART Usage Attribute: 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered changed from 60 to 59
Possibile? Che devo fare ? :(
-
dovresti "impratichirti" di più con smartctl per comprendere quali sono i segnali "seri" e quali quelli di "rumore di fondo"
google è il punto da cui partire, magari inserendo come key i vari "Hardware_ECC_Recovered" ecc
-
Scusa ma non potrebbe essere che mi sono portato dietro degli errori logici dai dischi precendeti e magari con uno "scandisk" di linux posso risolvere?
-
no, quelli che vedi non sono errori logici ma variazioni di stato di grandezze dell'hd.. sul come interpretarli devi impararlo tramite google