"Just Spam." "Just Spam bounced back"
I think you are drawing too many conclusions too fast.
I have seen EXACTLY your problem, very recently, from email that is NOT spam. It was a large (250Mb) , legitimate email to a genuine user (me). It relates to the size of the message and/or the number or type of attachments (.jpg) (about 10) in my case and the spam filters not processing it fast enough or not being able to handle the size of the message or type of attachment.
Firstly I stopped the email repeating itself hudreds of time over by turning OFF the spam filtering. That allowed the email to spool tyo the mailbox in its entirety first. Then I added the sender to the whitelist so email from that sender is not processed by the spam filters in the future.
Yes I know it is a dubious technique but I had to do something immeadiately before the drive and mailbox blew apart. Stopping the mail service and restarting was not enough. Remember, this scenario involves a legitimate sender and a legitimate user and it is not appropiate for your situation but clearly the spam filtering mechanism is involved.
This needs to be taken to the bug tracker for further investigation if it is not already there. I should have done it at the time but I didnt have time. I now need to sift through many logs to get the info the devs will want before I can take it there.