Hi Rainer,
sounds like a rather complicatet idea ( which I think depends on your bosses opinion ).
Bad news :
I got no technical solution for you.
Hint :
Changing the networksettings of the linux box will not be enough - depending on the client app(s) you normally use in combination with exchange ( guess its outlook ). In case my guess is right, it will not work at all, as outlook normally connects to exchange using the mapi protocol.
But :
If you connect to your exchangeserver using any common pop3 or imap client, it MIGHT be working to do the following :
Set up the users on the linux box according to the exchangeserverusers ( username, pw ).
set up a mailbox for every user
use fetchmail ( for retrieval from exchange ) and procmail ( or sieve ) for filtering mails.
fetch every - lets say - 2 minutes
Important : you will have to use the same mailprotocol ( pop or imap ) on the client side, otherwhise reconfiguration of clients has to be done !
hope it helps, cheerio,

Ralph